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Revisiting transparency standards in investor–state dispute settlement vis-a-vis third-party funding: how much transparency is too much transparency?
This article examines the relationship between transparency and legitimacy in investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS) jurisprudence, particularly in the context of Third-Party Funding (TPF). The initial section of the paper scrutinizes transparency…
Dualism of the Health System for Sustainable Health System Financing in Benin: Collaboration or Competition?
This study analyses the conditions under which co-opetition improves the supply of health care services in Benin. Using non-centralised administrative data from a sample of public and private health centres, we apply network theory and negative…
Strengthening the Resilience of Pandemic-Related Medical Product Supply Chains - Assessing the Relationship Between the WHO Pandemic Agreement and the WTO
The COVID-19 pandemic exposed critical vulnerabilities in global public health governance and the international trade system, particularly in the distribution of essential medical products. Despite entering a post-pandemic era, the risk of future…
Strengthening the Resilience of Pandemic-Related Medical Product Supply Chains - Assessing the Relationship Between the WHO Pandemic Agreement and the WTO
The COVID-19 pandemic exposed critical vulnerabilities in global public health governance and the international trade system, particularly in the distribution of essential medical products. Despite entering a post-pandemic era, the risk of future…
La Zone de libre-échange continentale africaine (ZLECAf) : levier d'inclusion économique des femmes
Le 21 mars 2018, à Kigali, au Rwanda, une étape majeure dans le processus d'intégration économique de l'Afrique a été franchie avec la signature de l'Accord établissant la Zone de libre-échange continentale africaine (ZLECAf) par 44 pays africains.…
From Confrontation To Coexistence: An Appeal Opt-Out Arrangement As An Inclusive Approach To Revive The WTO Dispute Settlement System?
Resolving the crisis in the dispute settlement system is a priority issue for the reform of the World Trade Organization (WTO), and Members have made sustained efforts in this regard. Since the Twelfth Ministerial Conference (MC12), discussions on…
Differentiation, labor market and globalization
We consider two countries with initially one firm in each country and the possibility for each firm to invest in the other country or commercialize its products, and for workers to immigrate (Common Labor Market; CLM). Interestingly, when firms…
The Problems of Using the Latest Institutional Arbitration Rules for Investment Treaty Disputes
International arbitration institutions have been requested to administer an increasing number of investment disputes. In investment arbitration, a responding state usually stipulates its standing offers to arbitrate in the bilateral investment…
Adequate Level of Data Protection and ADR in Cross-border Data Disputes — International Trade Law Perspective
Regulatory measures on cross-border data flows are essential to personal data protection laws. The General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) of the European Union (“EU”) is one of such influential personal data protection regimes, which has become…
Dispute Settlement Mechanisms: Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
This article was published in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law.   More information on this publication is available here.