Expert comment (with Prachi Agarwal, ODI Global) on the EU-India Free Trade Agreement signed in January 2026. It finds that the agreement’s trade and gender provision consists mostly of non-binding commitments that sit under each party’s right to…
In recent years, trade agreements between states have evolved, expanding the topics addressed, including, in some cases, chapters on gender. The general objective of this study is to determine whether the Gender Chapter of the Interim Trade…
This study examines Chinaʼs policy pathways for building a resilient supply chain from a dual perspective of competitiveness enhancement and spatial optimization. Specifically, China has implemented a multi-tiered industrial policy framework—‘Fix…
China, the EU and the United States are the world’s largest traders, and many of the tensions in the trading system arise in the relations among them. Our premise is that reforming WTO is a necessary condition for the organization to be a more…
The objective of this paper is to analyse the socioeconomic implications of Chinese Belt and
Road Initiative (BRI) which comes in the form of enhanced infrastructure development, loans
and foreign direct investment. This has led to China becoming…
This chapter provides an overview of the growing influence of both labour standards and gender equality concerns in contemporary trade debates, and in particular how existing FTAs have increasingly accommodated both types of issues. In the following…
In recent years, more and more countries have included different kinds of gender considerations in their trade agreements. Yet many countries have still not signed their very first agreement with a gender equality-related provision. Though most of…
The increasing trend of the inclusion of gender equality and women’s economic empowerment concerns in the negotiation of trade agreements creates a need to strengthen informed dialogue between the public and private sectors. Trade negotiators are…
The distributional outcomes of trade agreements have historically been uneven, creating both “losers” as well as “winners” and benefitting certain stakeholders while leaving others without benefits or even with negative repercussions. In particular,…
Trade policies create both 'winners' and 'losers', as some actors stand to benefit and others are left behind. More often than not, it has been women who have borne the negative impacts of international trade policy and it is…